https://omgdebugging.com/2017/10/09/command-line-equivalent-of-wuauclt-in-windows-10-windows-server-2016/

Now, if you try typing the following command in an Administrator command prompt on Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016, nothing will happen - wuauclt /detectnow

Now, in order to force check Windows Update, follow the below instructions -

1. Open a Command Prompt with Administrator privileges.
2. Type in usoclient StartScan
3. You will see that Windows Update in Settings.exe will start refreshing

Note: USOClient.exe is located in C:\Windows\System32

This will also force the client to report its status to the WSUS server (if configured).

On using Sysinternal's Strings on UsoClient.exe, I found that there are more switches which can be used -

• StartScan Used To Start Scan
• StartDownload Used to Start Download of Patches
• StartInstall Used to Install Downloaded Patches
• RefreshSettings Refresh Settings if any changes were made
• StartInteractiveScan May ask for user input and/or open dialogues to show progress or report errors
• RestartDevice Restart device to finish installation of updates
• ScanInstallWait Combined Scan Download Install
• ResumeUpdate Resume Update Installation On Boot